ib mathematics: applications and interpretation pdfdixie d'amelio film
Write each complex number in Euler form. [Remember VI = |1 - |ZI] 6. The number of bacteria in colonyA after hours is modelled by the function A(t) = 12%4 (a) Find the number of bacteria in colonyA after four hours. 2. The mathematics is only a tool, albeit an important one. 0.588 10. 803 Bivariate analysis The least-squares regression line for y on x will be identical to the regression line for x on yifand only if || = 1. Determine the equation of the line perpendicular to y = 2x 6 that passes through the point (4, 2) 8. Predict its flying speed. If it's an objective fact that there are nine apples on the table, thats just as objective as the fact that the apples are red, or that theyre ripe or anything else about them; that's a fact. The boiling point of water is 100C (Celsius) and 212F (Fahrenheit). Featuring a wealth of digital content, this concept-based Print and Enhanced Online Course Book Pack has been developed in cooperation with the IB to provide the It is the problem itself that is the motivation, not possible real-world applications. (@) () x=logsy -3 (&) x=1Iny +1 S@r 5. 126 | Solution (a) First we must calculate the arc measure. Figure 20.3 The graph of the function y is called the logistic curve. Book Description Featuring a wealth of digital content, this concept-based Print and Enhanced Online Course Book Pack has been developed in cooperation with the IB to provide the most comprehensive support for the new DP Mathematics: (b) 6: All digits between the leading non-zero digit and the decimal point are significant. What other examples are there of pure research that end up having immense practical benefit? +3 Solution The terms in the numerator and denominator are consecutive integers, so they take on the absolute value of R equivalent form. Example multiplying by a constant inside (d) By letting u = :)c2 du = 2x dx and so fcosxz xdx == In integration, compensating for that with the reciprocal outside the integral depends on formula 2 on page 670. Symmetry in the underlying algebra led mathematical physicists to propose the existence of new fundamental particles, which were subsequently discovered. (c) Life in the lake will cease when 400 tons of pollution have entered the lake. In n the the rigright-angledgled triangle triangle ABD, h 5 sinA==csinA=h & This formula uses two sidesand the included angle, and is thus known by the acronym SAS, & a 5 Figure 4.8 The area of triangle ABC So, if Area = %bh = Area = %b(c sin A) Example 4.10 Find the area of ALMN, given that M = 60, LM = 4 cm, and MN = 10cm L MN ._______________________________________________________________________|] Solution In this instance, | = 10 cm, n = 4 cm, and the included angle, M = 60 Area:%l(nsi.nM) :%- 10-4-5in60 = 20>3 = 103 cm? (b) Verify the result by showing that (fo f~! They are motivated by the internal beauty and elegance of their subject. =2 ,.2 650 " 65 15. Find the value of a. Two countering arguments should be set against this view of mathematics. That makes sense because the centre of the wheel is 30 cm above the ground. 23 Functions A common piecewise function that you may have encountered before is the absolute value function. (a) Express the impedance of the circuit as a complex number in Cartesian form. In summary, i, f you prefer doing proper actual maths (s, olving equaitons and having to think deeper and problem solve), using the calculator and following set methods and avoiding actual maths then take. (a) Sce Worked Solutions () 231 (a) Using scatter plot, second degree polynomial appears appropriate. How much money will there be in the account at the end of 4 years? (a) log;x = 2 (b) log,(x 3) =5 () log,3=2 (d) log; (x> +2x + 1) =0 " Number and algebra basics Optional Which is larger, or 77 The numerical values of and 7r were calculated in Exercise 1.3, Now, consider an analysis using the graph off(x) = 1% 2.11%Y 2 with its maximum at (2.72, 0.368) |22.71 -3.94; Note that the maximum is found at x = e (which can also be found using calculus later), and 7ris further to its right, below the maximum. (b) Use the model to find the length of the rope. By definition: (c) Anarc oflength t = 7 is equivalent to one-half of the circumference of the unit circle, so it terminates at the point (1, 0). We can use our knowledge of the function to choose more appropriate settings. For example, s > si = 5X1+5X2+5X3+5X4+5X5=51+2+3+4+5) =75 However, this can also be interpreted as follows. This is to emphasise the fact that the series contain an infinite number of terms. A positive angle is produced when a ray ebTRL side is rotated in an anti-clockwise direction, initial side and a negative angle when a ray is rotated in a clockwise direction. _7x+1 K v : v 0= 11 @ 5 v 4 : - _ po Sl L o . It could never be true in the sense of exactly corresponding to reality. Find the area of the sector and the arc length determined by each given radius and central angle 6. Model B costs $150 to install and has a monthly fee of $80. () %+3;J1 () 22 -2/21 ) 2-2/3i () 4/3 4i 4. Since the second derivative is the rate of change in the first derivative, if the second derivative is positive then the graph must be curving up (concave up) since the first derivative is increasing. This also leads to two fundamental trigonometric identities. Find the total area in which the goat can graze. composite function). The total volume of the parcel is 3000 cm?. To do this we simply divide the side length by the length of the hypotenuse, v2. A logarithm with base e is called a natural logarithm. Then they emerge and enjoy a relatively brief period courting and mating before laying eggs in the ground and dying. & 316, Yes since this is more than the price to be paid. If the state of the pieces before the move was legitimate and the move was made according to the rules of the game, then the state of the pieces after the move is also legitimate. Determine the critical t-values given the sample size 7 and the level of significance a. Text extracts relating to the 1B syllabus and assessment have been reproduced from IBO documents. Take representations of L 2.3 fractions. Then solve for future value, FV. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Trigonometry Trigonometry is the study of angles. Find how long it will take for Nanako to repay the loan. 9. (a) Eigenvectors: ("6) and ( ): Images of vctors along the x- and y-axes are multiples of the original vectors. There is a possibility that the arguments explored in this section might cast light on an aspect of mathematics learning that has seemed puzzling - why it is that mathematical ability is seen to be closely correlated with a certain type of intelligence. Webconfidence. Consider the following functions: 2 fx) = 2x75+ 3,x =0and glx) = 13x 4 10 xeR (a) State the range of fand of g . But if we try x = 1, then equation (1) gives us: P-2-12-1+2=0 In other words, 1 2 1 + 2 = 0 s true. It is very tempting to do so! How long is the arc (L)? (d) From the graph, minimum occurs at Or, via first derivative test, using sign diagram: xzyf():%'*\*S:1.48331. This view is itself not entirely without problems. Piecewise linear models For more information about piecewise models, refer to Chapter 9. central angle The golf course in Example 5.2 needs to add a boundary along the edge of the sprinkler arc. (b) 0.439cmss! 92 (c) For the interval 1 < < 3, find the time at which the velocity is a minimum and find its value. Theres no math without people. If the inflation rate is 2.1%, calculate the real rate of return per year. embeddedin the unit circle tennhoes will always be equal to the y coordinate when we draw a right-angled triangle in this manner. (b) Determine the amount of the substance remaining as t becomes very large. (c) Find the value of k. (d) The number of bacteria in colony A first exceeds the number of bacteria in colony B after n hours, where n Z. also state its domain. Trajectories move towards the equilibrium point which is called stable node in this case. ) (a) their nearest site, there are two largest empty circles, centred at each point, both with radius V65 ~ 8.06. 1922m t=2 t>2 I m_sN T 355 PS2os-5=100=1=1v s(t)f{ 11. 20 9.7890 The specific weight of water varies with temperature according to the data given in Table 19.11. Stable system with the origin (b) Vb v ' ' v With both eigenvalues negative, the curves move a spiral source. (a) Explain why a piecewise linear model is appropriate to model depth as a function of distance from shore. These are each offered at two difficulty levels (higher and standard level). ()1>7+(1)679 0 5 10 300 w? Find the eighth term. Solve each differential equation. There is a subtlety here because we use different letters j and i for the whole numbers in the expressions above because we want to allow m and 7 the possibility of being different odd numbers. Finally, for C> 1,In C > 0, so the point of inflection has a positive x-coordinate. V9 -39 13.V3-13 14. (c) i (d i . Diploma Programme 36 99.4 51 114 (e) Give a reason why your least-squares regression line should not be used to predict solubility of NaNO, at 95C. (ii) sketch graphs of g and its inverse g ~! Near the end of the book, you will find answers to all of the exercises and practice questions. (c) Glenn wants to exchange 1280 PHP. Solve for the variables: Sl w96 of oG a6 al &) = (4 2/\y v 2 4 18 3 q/\5 -8 36 5 Frankfurt o o Stuttgart s Munich e Vienna ! 16. We have included material to help you gain insight into appropriate and wise use of your GDC and an appreciation of the importance of proof as an essential skill in mathematics. Purpose: mathematical models Unlike pure mathematics, which is about the solution of exclusively mathematical puzzles, applied mathematics is about solving real-world problems. Find the distance between each pair of points. Mappings between sets Once we have established sets in our mathematical universe, we want to do something useful with them. A function is given as flx) = 3 = 7x + + 10, ~5 < x < 5,x20 Figure 14.22 Graph of y = flx) for question 4 (a) Write down the derivative of the function. (a) A(11,2), B(1, 3) (b) C(9, 3), D(3,5) () E(5,3V5), F(9,V5) 2. (iv) Write down an appropriate domain for your model in context. Example 5. 12 /o) 4. In the section, we will examine cubic models of the form fy=ax*+bx>+cex+d Note that a simple cubic model may have b, , and d, equal to zero. For example, the display for the model in Example 9.5 shows how this default view can be very misleading. (a) % (g) ! Given that a straight line has gradient, m, and passes through the point (x,, y,), we can first write the equation using gradient-intercept form as y=mxtc substituting the given point for (x, ) gives n=mx +c rearranging for gives c=ymx which can be substituted into the original equation to give y=mx+y, mx, rearranging and factorising gives Vs S Find the equation of the straight line passing through the points (1, 4) and (=3, 10). Webconfidence. 1 _3 At first glance, the following definition may seem unusual. 836 [ 802 [ 779 [ 741 [ 762 [ 770 | 765 | 723 [ 687 ::l:iz;:r:"f::::) 224 | 140 | 138 | 94 | 100 | 95 | 87 | 62 | 79 Speed (kmh~?) 17. Solution (a) This is an arithmetic sequence whose first term is 2 and common difference is 9. Find the value of d. (c) Calculate the number of minutes until a person riding the Riesenrad reaches the top of the wheel. The hero of The Glass Bead Game, a novel by the German writer Hermann Hesse, must learn music, mathematics, and cultural history to play the game. Incidentally, if we wish to verify the calculations of the expected values, we can look into matrix B. Ifyou havea 2 X 2 contingency table, there is only 1 degree of freedom. critical value for v = 3. The investment made in the first year has a value of 1200(1.02)* at the end of the investment period; the investment in the second year has a value of 1200(1.02)? (@) (i) C(x) = 12x + 500 In(x + 1) + 2000 (i) C(1000) = 17.45 (b) R(x) = 40x 0.01x2 + 200 In(x + 1) () P(x) = 28x 0.01x2 300 In(x + 1) 2000 1389 pairs and 15428 Euros profit. The first has a resistor with R, = 80 Q and an inductor with X; = 60 , while the second has a resistor with R, = 12Q and a capacitor with X, = 5Q. As the value of x increases, the value of y also increases and there is no limit on how largey can become. 8. (a) () 3. mAn=20j+i+1) But j, i and 1 are all whole numbers so j + i + 1 is also a whole number. (a) 384 (b) u, =327 () sy =2u, andu, =3 23. Conversion between degrees and radians Because 180 = 7rradians, 1 = %radians, and 1 radian = 180 An angle with a radian measure of 1 has a degree measure of approximately 57.3 (to 3 significant figures). Answers will differ. $37008.79 1L g(}n +7) 925 Answers 12. Therefore, we can set k = 2 and A(t) = 1 occurring radioactive in all living things is constant. Slackerz unie! 19. 15. (a) 0.889 < < 11.3 = from late in the first year until early in the 12% year. (b) Indicate the number of degrees of freedom, v. (c) Test the claim at the level of significance of a = 0.05 6. Our programmes empower school-aged students to take ownership of their own learning and help them develop future-ready skills to make a difference and thrive in a world that changes fast. IB Math AA vs AI. The problem occurs when we make a subconscious switch to nine as an abstract noun in the sort of problems we deal with in Mathematics class. (a) the largest empty circle (LEC) must be centred on a (b) All vertices in the diagram are adjacent to cell K and 4@ 2+i vertex (15, 8) is the vertex farthest from site K, therefore it must be the centre of the largest empty circle. (a) Arithmetic 10. Derivatives of composite functions, products and quotients We know how to differentiate functions such as fix) = x* + 2x 3and gx) = Vx, but how do we differentiate the composite function g(fix)) = vx* + 2x 3 where fand g are nested functions? [eostme+ 3)dx () [xevtidx M [vrerrdr (m) [2(no)do w [+5; 4. 3. 6 fo a(t)dtz%o +205+21+5+65+4.8) + 0)~ 19ms-! Recall that the square and the circle are made from a single piece of wire that is 4m long so we can write the algebraic relationship as 4 = (perimeter of square) + (circumference of circle) 4 = Ayt This relationship can be solved for , so that x is the independent variable: 4:4x+2m:>2m:4*4x$r:2(1; Substituting into our general model A = x2 + 7772, 50 that we now have a single variable: A=x+ iii o g qr? I understand every breakdown. The simplest Japanese kokeshi (wooden doll) is formed from a sphere (head) on top of a cylinder (body). 60 251508 3.5 =270 4. For part (a), the lifeguard can minimise the time it takes to reach the swimmer by running for 281 m and swimming the remaining distance. (b) What is the total area of 3 slices? Use your graphing application to generate a graph of y = sin(x ). The length x could be anywhere from 0 to 25, 50 scale the graph accordingly (set the x-axis from 0 to 25, then choose a reasonable y-axis to fit the derivative). Trigonometric models Trigonometric models are well-suited to describing repetitive phenomena: tides, seasonal temperatures, the motion of wheels, etc. 898 Del Ferro kept his method secret until just before his death when he passed the method on to his student. In the trigonometry part of this chapter, we will consider angles of rotation with the unit circle to enable us to generalise the three trigonometric ratios of sine, cosine, and tangent to apply to any angle. For example, in Example 19.7, we could try to predict the mass ofa bag priced at 50 ZMW. eauty by the numbers There is a long-held view that we find certain things beautiful because of their special proportions or some other intrinsic mathematical feature. These arrangements are political. 31 12. Now since we know that the temperature T is less than the surrounding temperature, then In|s | = (s The general solution then is In(ST=ktc = S il Ree = T=eche The initial condition implies T= ek = T;=8el= =e=c=8 T =c=-In(S T Therefore, substituting this value in the general solution In(SD'=kt c=kt +1n(S Tp) =In(S ! 1-2 2. They are connected, but the number nine is an abstract object as part of a number system. Using the TVM solver, we make the following entries: N=30 %=2 PV=0 PMT = 1200 FV = 1965533 P ar=1 PMI: BEGIN The present value, PV = 0, since there is no money invested until the first payment of $1200 is made. )3) = x* = C(1 (+ 2)v2) 3 Substitute v = % into this equation and simplify SR x:C(1+2 F) 848 2\ = x(l o ZF) =C= (x2+2y%)%=Cx? OO0 central angles, with measurements of 70 and 290. 3 Modelling real-life phenomena 1 2x _ = The width and length of the paper get reduced by twice the length of the When we expand the right hand side of the corners we cut out. This is shown in the diagram along with a possible route APB, where P is x km east of X. There is a predator wasp that has evolved to have a similar life cycle. A sa.n'lple of live tissue of the same After another 3 days, Earth continuously take in carbon. In each of questions 1-15: (a) Determine whether the sequence is arithmetic, geometric, or neither. Hence, the unit of one degree (1) is defined to be one 360th of one anti-clockwise revolution about the vertex. Explain your answer. Since the tangent ratio is _ v2 2 2 = -~ 2 1 opposite adjacent we see that it is equal to ; so that tan (45) = 1. In this chapter we first look at circles, where we learn to calculate the area of a sector and the length of an arc. identity is an equation thatis true for all values of the variables. Although mathematics is collaborative in the sense that mathematicians build on the work of others and take on the challenges that the area itself has recognised as being important, it is nevertheless largely a solitary pursuit. In 2016, the population growth rate in India was 1.2% and the population was 1.324 billion. These graphs are shown in Figure 9.25. So, for every entry in B, we have b; = X a;; rewrite the scalar multiple every entry in the matrix. This last equation can be simplified to give an explicit expression for P: In|p| = kt + = |P| = ektte = ktac = Aekt where e= A, thus P=AelorP = Aek This is the general solution. Now, we convert to degrees: g( 1:? ) A typical example of a problem in this category is how to solve a particular type of equation. A sphere is carved out of a cube. If you want to save time, do your research and plan ahead. During that time, we have received many useful comments from both teachers and students. Also, note that if b is negative, then the graph is reflected across the y-axis. (c) Hence, perform an appropriate linearisation via logarithms, based on your answer to part (b), and find an appropriate least-squares model for concentration C in terms of time t. (d) Write down a suitable domain for your model. Mathematicians often practise their art as art for its own sake. (b) Find a linear function to model the cost of model B. This arc length formula only works when the angle For acircle of radius 7, a central angle 6 subtends an arc of the circle of length s given by s = r6 where 6 is measured in radians. Each was to give the other a set of 30 problems and put up a sum of money. Solving algebraically, we have: 0= 5p2+1000p = p=0,p =200 Therefore the p-intercepts are 0 and 200. (a) 8748 (b) u, = 43! Any sum in the series Sy will be called a partial sum and is given by: Sc=a,ta,++ta_,+a For convenience, this partial sum is written using the sigma notation: Sigma notation is a concise and convenient way to represent long sums. (a) @7 127875cm (b) 128cm? Infinite sets can be put in a one-to-one correspondence with a proper subset of themselves. dy dy du should remember that they are not fractions. Specifically the one from the oxford university press. Let S, denote the amount outstanding, in dollars, immediately after the nth monthly repayment. The graph of this function for 0 0, so there are three parameters (L, C, and k) 1+ Ce An analytical method for finding the parameters for the logistic model based on data will be discussed at in Chapter 20. Hence the gradient = 2 changeiny Recall that the gradient s given by e changeinx y:y = X2~ X the x value increases by 1 unit, the y value There are two other useful forms of the equation of a line. Thus, we havea = 17, b = g, and d = 30, and our model is h=17 cos(%) +30 We can check by graphing two complete periods (0 < t < 8), as shown. In electrical notation, this is stated as V' = 1045 where the phase angle is always measured in degrees. For example, we can define odd by being one more than an even number, Ifk is an even number, then we can write k = 2j for some whole numberj. Their data are given in Table 19.12. So, this means that there are as many even numbers as there are natural numbers. Time (years) Amount in the account () 0 2000 1 2000 + 2000 2 2000 + 2000 X 0.05 + 2000 X 0.05 = 2000 + 2000 X 0.05 X 2 3 2000 + 2000 X 0.05 X 2 + 2000 4 2000 + 2000 X 0.05 X 3 + 2000 X 0.05 = 2000 + 2000 X 0.05 X 4 X 0.05 > 0.05 = 2000 + 2000 X 0.05 X 3 Table 3.1 Simple interest calculations This appears to be an arithmetic sequence with five terms (as both the beginning and the end of the first year are counted). For use during the course and in the examinations . A GDC can complete the entire analysis just by entering the matrix representing the observed values only. Solution (a) a(Bg) 50 40 30 20 10 01 23 45 6 7 8 9 10 t(days) 25 Functions (c) We need to solve the equation 2090 2t Using a GDC we can find the intersection of the curves a(t) = % and at) = 20 (1.32,20) 2(x)20 The curves intersect at (1.32, 20), so it takes 1.32 days for the activity to reach 20 Bq. difference of the sequence, and d=a, a, forall integers n > 1 +d a=a,+d=a +d+td=a +2d a=a;t+d=a +2d+d=a, +3d and so on. Triangle PQR has P = 30, r = 14cm, and p = 10cm (a) Verify that triangle PQR is an ambiguous case that produces two possible figures. (a) Find a function for the amount, @ m/, remaining in the bag at time minutes. There are also numerous worked examples throughout the book, showing you how to apply the concepts and skills you are studying. | is usually considered constant. Weneed to find where ddvn = Qhence 6.227r 2mr? Initial cost of starting a journey = $3 Cost per kilometre for the first 8 kilometres = 50 cents Cost per kilometre for subsequent kilometres = 30 cents C(9) 10 i 9 We want to find a function to model the cost, C ($), of a journey for s a distance d (km). A geometric sequence has a fifth term of 6 and a seventh term of 8.64 Find the possible values of the second term. Their art as art for its own sake examples are there of research... Seasonal temperatures, the value of x increases, the value of y also and... Is only a tool, albeit an important one logarithm with base e is called stable node in category. 1280 PHP ) u, =327 ( ) 4/3 4i 4 ) dtz % o ). Down an appropriate domain for your model in example 9.5 shows how this default view can be very.! 8748 ( b ) u, = 43 choose more appropriate settings practical benefit until just before his when! Also be interpreted as follows sketch graphs of g and its inverse g!... On how largey can become many useful comments from both teachers and students part of a number system p-intercepts 0... 1280 PHP the sector and the level of significance a However, this means that there are numbers... Towards the equilibrium point which is called a natural logarithm substance remaining as t becomes very large wants! Be paid just by entering the matrix representing the observed values only before his when... A one-to-one correspondence with a possible route APB, where P is km. Rate is 2.1 %, calculate the arc length determined by each given radius and angle. T=2 t > 2 I m_sN t 355 PS2os-5=100=1=1v S ( t dtz. 3 days, Earth continuously take in carbon stable node in this manner first we must calculate the rate... The end of the wheel is 30 cm above the ground possible values of the sector and population! 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